Multi‐agent modeling of hazard–household–infrastructure nexus for equitable resilience assessment

Infrastructure service disruptions impact households in an affected community disproportionally. To enable integrating social equity considerations infrastructure resilience assessments, this study created a new computational multi-agent simulation model, which enables integrated assessment of hazard, system, and household elements their interactions. With focus on hurricane-induced power outages, the model consists three elements: (1) hazard component simulates exposure to hurricane with varying intensity levels; (2) physical network its probabilistic failures restoration under different scenarios; (3) captures dynamic processes related preparation, information-seeking, response actions facing outages. We used empirical data from surveys hurricanes (Harvey, Florence, Michael) conjunction theoretical decision-making models abstract simulate underlying mechanisms affecting experienced hardship when The was then tested context Harris County, Texas, verified validated using results Hurricane Harvey 2017. Then, examine effects factors—such as forewarning durations, types, resource allocation strategies—on reducing societal impacts equitable manner. show that improving prioritization strategy vulnerable populations is effective approach, especially during high-intensity events, enhance resilience. capability proposed for capturing complex interactions nexus households, hazards, systems better integrate human-centric aspects planning disasters. Hence, could provide tool managers operators, well disaster managers, devising mitigation strategies reduce outages